Revisiting rice breeding methods – evaluating the use of rapid generation advance (RGA) for routine rice breeding

Rice production needs to increase in the future in order to meet increasing demands. The development of new improved and higher yielding varieties more quickly will be needed to meet this demand. However, most rice breeding programmes in the world have not changed in several decades. In this article, we revisit the evidence in favour of using rapid generation advance (RGA) as a routine breeding method. We describe preliminary activities at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) to re-establish RGA on a large scale as the main breeding method for irrigated rice breeding. We also describe experiences from the early adoption at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute. Evaluation of RGA breeding lines at IRRI for yield, flowering time and plant height indicated transgressive segregation for all traits. Some RGA lines were also higher yielding than the check varieties. The cost advantages of using RGA compared to the pedigree method were also empirically determined by performing an economic analysis. This indicated that RGA is several times more cost effective and advantages will be realized after 1 year even if facilities need to be built. Based on our experience, and previous independent research empirically testing the RGA method in rice, we recommend that this method should be implemented for routine rice breeding in order to improve breeding efficiency.     

农产品中农药残留检测技术研究进展

通过综述农产品农药残留现状及检测技术研究进展,分析比较有关农产品农药残留的国内外标准,指出我国农药残留标准存在的一些问题,并对有关检测技术提出建议。     

校园环境噪声监测与评价--以华中师范大学为例

环境噪声是环境质量评价的重要指标。通过噪声监测实验,记录了华中师范大学校园内的噪声污染数据,根据国家标准评估了校园环境噪声状况。试验采用网络剖分法,分别于昼间7:30~10:00和夜间22:00~22:55两个时间段对等效声级进行了测定。实验结果表明:昼间噪声污染更为严重,平均噪声超标率达到26%,夜间噪声污染相对较轻,但噪声超标率也达到19%。校园内不同功能区的噪声来源不同,工程施工产生的噪声是主要的污染源,影响比重达到58%。根据实验结果,校园声环境质量一般,需要对现状提出合理的改进建议。     

An acoustic based approach to evaluate the effect of different diet lengths on feeding behavior of Litopenaeus vannamei

Studying shrimp feeding behavior is challenging and, traditionally, studies have been using direct visual observation or video recordings with image analysis under laboratory conditions. Passive acoustics monitoring (PAM) is a non-invasive approach to study feeding behavior of penaeids, as their mandibles emit clicking sounds during feed ingestion. Considering the wide variation available in shrimp diet lengths, our knowledge is still limited about their effects on feeding behavior. The present study was designed to use acoustics to evaluate the feeding behavior of Litopenaeus vannamei fed different diet lengths. A commercial pelleted diet with similar diameter (2.4 mm) and three different lengths was used as treatments “small” (2.35 mm), “medium” (4.26 mm) and “large” (8.42 mm). Three separate trials were performed with fastened shrimp (20 g), using omnidirectional hydrophones and external audio recorders. Our approach started with the characterization of the click acoustic parameters produced by three shrimps when fed the different diet lengths in anechoic chambers (15 L). We then analyze the number of clicks produced per pellet and duration of the clicking activity when shrimp fed a single pellet in individual tanks (1 L). Finally, the acoustic energy of feeding activity and feed consumption, as well as theirs relationship to predict feed intake was evaluated in aquaria (70 L) with five shrimps. The acoustic parameters of isolated clicks were not affected by the different diet lengths, however, doubling the length of the pellet resulted in doubling the number of clicks emitted during feeding activity. The duration of clicking activity per pellet indicated that small pellets are consumed 2.9 and 4.7 times faster than medium and large pellets, respectively. Furthermore, feeding acoustic energy of small pellets decreased rapidly after feed offer, as their faster consumption probably contributed to shrimps achieved satiety earlier than larger diets. Feed consumption was similar among diets length, but significantly correlated with the feeding acoustic energy emitted by L. vannamei, which is a breakthrough in feeding behavioral research. The results highlight the potential and possibilities of an acoustic approach to estimate feed consumption, as well as an alternative to traditional methods in feeding behavioral studies to improve efficiency of feed management.     

生物食诱剂对山东省莒南县花生田夜蛾科成虫监测与诱杀效果的初步评价

在山东莒南县花生田利用生物食诱剂和性诱剂对常见夜蛾科害虫成虫进行虫情监测,并对食诱剂防控夜蛾科害虫的效果进行研究。食诱剂和性诱剂监测结果表明,花生田棉铃虫、甜菜夜蛾、斜纹夜蛾、黄地老虎、小地老虎等夜蛾科害虫成虫的发生高峰期均出现在7月12日;性诱剂仅能诱捕到雄性成虫,食诱剂可同时诱捕到雌性和雄性成虫,其诱捕到的棉铃虫、甜菜夜蛾、斜纹夜蛾、地老虎雌雄比分别为1∶0.68、1∶5、1∶3和1∶1.4。食诱剂撒施、化学防治、食诱剂诱捕盒技术与化学防治组合处理后第10天花生叶片受害率分别为9.51%、6.73%、6.24%,百株虫量较对照降低68.68%、76.39%、85.87%,食诱剂诱捕盒技术与化学防治组合应用防控效果优良。     

基于Landsat和MODIS数据融合的农牧区NPP模拟

天山北坡是中国重要的农牧业发展基地,利用遥感数据准确获取植被净初级生产力(Net primary productivity,NPP)的时空信息,对于合理分配农牧业草地资源具有重要意义。由于受到天气影响及卫星传感器受到时间分辨率和空间分辨率的限制,获取既具有中空间分辨率、又具有高时间分辨率的遥感数据比较困难。本文基于中空间分辨率Landsat 8 OLI数据与高时间分辨率MODIS数据,采用遥感数据时空融合STARFM算法,获取中空间分辨率和高时间分辨率序列的遥感数据,以天山北坡中段区域为实验区,结合CASA模型,对区域内植被NPP进行模拟。结果表明,2016年内8个时期,融合后的NDVI数据与对应时刻的Landsat 8 OLI NDVI数据的相关系数不小于0.759,偏差在0.006 2～0.009 4之间,均方根误差在0.074～0.135之间;利用融合数据与CASA模型协同模拟的NPP具有良好的空间细节信息,NPP模拟值与野外实测值决定系数R~2为0.860 1,表明两者具有较好的相关性。本研究为多源遥感影像融合技术与光能利用率模型协同模拟NPP提供了新的思路。     

美国德克萨斯州高地平原区地下水灌溉管理方法研究

德克萨斯州高地平原区是美国灌溉和旱地作物的生产基地,其灌溉水源主要来源于奥加拉拉(Ogallala)地下水含水层。然而,自从1950年灌溉农业发展以来,由于对奥加拉拉含水层地下水的过度开采,使得区域地下水位严重下降,有些地区地下水位下降超过50 m。为了保护地下水资源和实现地下水可持续利用,2000年以来美国德克萨斯州高平原地区在节水压采方面开展了一系列工作,取得了较好的成效。采取的主要措施包括:用德克萨斯州高地平原蒸腾蒸发网络(The Texas High Plains Evapotranspiration Network, TXHPET)进行灌溉及地下水管理,改变作物品种,改进灌溉技术,改变种植结构,保护性耕作方法,加强降雨管理,将小部分灌溉农田转为旱作农田等。该区域1958年的灌溉面积为183万hm~2,1974年灌溉面积达到峰值,为242万hm~2;1989年灌溉面积降为159万hm~2,由于喷灌技术的推广应用,2000年灌溉面积恢复到187万hm~2。1958年大多数灌区为地面灌溉,仅有11%的灌溉面积为喷灌。1974年之后,灌溉总面积在减少,主要灌溉方式转为喷灌,中心支轴式喷灌面积稳步增长。自1989年之后,喷灌在该区域快速发展,2000年喷灌面积已占该区域灌溉面积的72%。早期的喷灌系统在较高压力下运行,自20世纪80年代,低压喷灌系统已全面使用。我国华北地区长期超量开采地下水与美国德克萨斯州高原区地下水超采情况及问题相似。兹系统介绍了美国德克萨斯州高地平原区在地下水超采情况下采取的综合措施拟为我国地下水超采地区的地下水管理工作提供技术与经验参考。     

夹指链式残膜回收机脱膜装置设计与试验

针对现有残膜回收机脱膜困难的问题,该研究设计了一种夹指链式残膜回收机脱膜装置,主要由刮板总成、曲柄摇杆机构和膜杂分离机构等组成,可一次性完成脱膜、膜杂分离和输膜作业。为增加夹指随夹指链转过上收膜轮的过程中与刮板接触的次数,将刮板总成中的刮板设为双层,并通过作业过程分析对其结构参数进行设计;使用ADAMS软件对刮板末端运动轨迹进行仿真分析,并根据仿真结果对曲柄摇杆机构的杆件长度及安装角进行设计;通过对残膜受力情况的分析,确定了曲柄摇杆机构的安装位置;通过运动学分析获得了夹指不被漏刮时上收膜轮角速度与曲柄角速度比的最大值;为实现输膜与膜杂分离,设计了往复摆动式膜杂分离机构,并通过作业机理分析及性能试验对相关部件的结构参数进行设计。田间试验结果表明,当机具作业速度为4.5 km/h、刮板宽度为100 mm、曲柄回转中心与上收膜轮中心间的水平安装距离为290 mm、竖直安装距离为200 mm、上收膜轮角速度与曲柄角速度比为0.5、输膜筛相邻棒条间的安装距离为50mm时,残膜回收率为93.12%,脱膜率为98.2%,含杂率为16.08%,能够满足残膜回收机田间作业要求。研究成果可为相关装置的设计提供参考。     

异速对辊式玉米秸秆粉碎还田装置设计与试验

针对玉米秸秆量大、韧性强,导致还田后秸秆粉碎不均匀影响后续整地和播种等问题,该研究提出了一种异速对辊及动态双支撑形式的玉米秸秆粉碎还田方式,并研制了相应的玉米秸秆还田装置,主要由捡拾粉碎单元、对辊滑切支撑单元、支撑板和机壳等组成。在异速动态双支撑条件下,通过对作业过程中玉米秸秆动力学分析和秸秆漏捡面积分析,对捡拾粉碎刀和对辊滑切支撑刀进行设计,建立了影响秸秆粉碎合格率的数学模型。以捡拾粉碎刀转速、L型甩刀折弯角、L型甩刀刃口长度和滑切支撑刀滑切角为因素,秸秆粉碎合格率为试验指标进行Box-Behnken试验。田间试验结果表明:当滑切支撑刀滑切角45°、捡拾粉碎刀转速1 700 r/min、L型甩刀刃口长度45 mm和L型甩刀折弯角40°时,玉米秸秆粉碎合格率为92.58%,与预测值误差5%,满足国家标准要求。该研究提出的秸秆粉碎还田方式和研制的秸秆粉碎装置为玉米秸秆粉碎还田机设计和优化提供新的方案和技术支撑。     

基于MFO-LSTM的母猪发情行为识别

及时准确识别母猪的发情行为可以有效增加受胎率和产仔量,对提高养殖企业的繁育水平和经济效益具有重要意义。该研究针对生猪养殖过程中母猪发情行为识别存在主观性强、智能化水平低、假警报和错误率高、识别不及时等问题,提出了一种基于飞蛾扑火算法(Moth-Flame Optimization,MFO)优化长短时记忆网络(Long Short Term Memory,LSTM)的母猪发情行为识别方法。利用安装在母猪颈部的姿态传感器获得母猪姿态数据,然后使用姿态数据训练MFO-LSTM姿态分类模型,将母猪姿态分为立姿、卧姿和爬跨3类。通过对姿态分类结果进行分析,确定以爬跨行为和活动量2个特征作为发情行为识别依据,使用MFO-LSTM分类算法判断母猪是否发情。以山西省太原市杏花岭区五丰养殖场的试验数据对该方法进行验证,结果表明,该方法在以30 min为发情行为识别时间时的识别效果最好,发情行为识别的错误率为13.43%,召回率为90.63%,特效性为81.63%,与已有的母猪发情行为识别方法相比错误率降低了80%以上。该方法在保证识别准确率的情况下有效降低了错误率,可满足母猪养殖生产过程中发情行为自动识别要求。